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Anti-SSA (Ro)
Anti-SSB (La)
ANA (positive in most)
Rheumatoid factor (often positive)
Salivary and tear glands
May affect joints, lungs, kidneys, skin, and nerves
Sjögren’s Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the glands that produce moisture, especially in the eyes and mouth. This leads to dryness, inflammation, and potentially damage to other organs.
It can occur on its own (primary Sjögren’s) or alongside other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus (secondary Sjögren’s).
Dry eyes (gritty, burning, or itchy feeling)
Dry mouth (difficulty swallowing, speaking, or frequent thirst)
Tooth decay and mouth sores
Vaginal dryness (in women)
Dry skin
Fatigue
Joint pain or stiffness
Swollen salivary glands (especially below the jaw)
Hoarseness or dry cough
Tingling or numbness in hands and feet (neuropathy)
Sjögren’s is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.
Risk factors and triggers include:
Genetics (family history)
Hormonal influences – more common in women
Environmental triggers (such as viruses) may play a role
Often co-occurs with other autoimmune conditions
Diagnosis involves a combination of tests and clinical findings:
Blood tests:
Anti-SSA/Ro and Anti-SSB/La antibodies
ANA and rheumatoid factor
Schirmer’s test – measures tear production
Salivary flow tests
Lip biopsy – to confirm gland inflammation
Imaging – ultrasound or sialography of salivary glands
There is no cure, but symptoms can be managed with:
Artificial tears and saliva substitutes
Hydroxychloroquine (for systemic inflammation)
Pilocarpine or cevimeline – to stimulate saliva production
NSAIDs or DMARDs – for joint or organ inflammation
Good oral hygiene and regular dental care
Topical treatments for vaginal or skin dryness
Most people manage Sjögren’s with lifestyle adjustments and medication
Serious complications may include:
Dental decay
Eye infections or corneal damage
Lung, kidney, or nerve involvement
Increased risk of lymphoma (in 5–10% of cases)
Affects approximately 0.1–4% of the population
Nine out of ten cases occur in women
Most often diagnosed between ages 40 and 60
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). (2022). Sjögren’s Syndrome.
https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/sjogrens-syndrome
Mayo Clinic. (2023). Sjögren’s Syndrome.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sjogrens-syndrome
Fox, R. I. (2005). Sjögren’s syndrome. The Lancet, 366(9482), 321–331.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66990-5
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