Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin condition where the body's immune system destroys melanocytes - the skin cells responsible for making pigment. As a result, white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body, including the face, hands, arms, legs, and sometimes even hair or eyes. Vitiligo is not contagious or life-threatening, but it can significantly affect self-esteem and quality of life.

Pale or white patches of skin (especially on face, hands, and around body openings); Early graying of scalp or facial hair; Loss of pigment inside the mouth or nose; Symmetrical appearance - often affects both sides of the body; Some people experience itching or tingling before patches appear. Types: Non-segmental (generalized, most common), Segmental (affects one side), Focal (limited to one or a few areas), Universal (rare, loss of most skin pigment).

Considered autoimmune, but exact causes are unclear. Possible contributors include: Autoimmune attack on melanocytes; Genetics (family history increases risk); Triggering events (sunburn, stress, injury, illness); Neurochemical or oxidative stress in melanocytes; May be associated with other autoimmune diseases like thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis.

Visual examination by a dermatologist; Wood's lamp test (UV light to highlight pigment loss); Blood tests - to check for associated autoimmune conditions (e.g., thyroid antibodies).

No cure, but several treatments can help restore pigment or reduce spread: Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus); Phototherapy (narrowband UVB) - encourages melanocyte activity; Excimer laser - for small, localized areas; Depigmentation therapy for widespread vitiligo (to unify skin tone); Micropigmentation (tattooing) or cosmetic cover-ups; Mental health support and peer support groups.

The condition is chronic and may progress unpredictably. Some people have stable vitiligo, others experience cycles of pigment loss and regrowth. Treatment is more effective when started early. Vitiligo does not cause physical harm, but may be distressing emotionally.

Affects about 1% of the global population. Can begin at any age, but most often before age 30. Affects all genders and ethnicities equally.