Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar (glucose), leading to dangerously high levels. People with Type 1 diabetes need daily insulin therapy to survive. It usually starts in childhood or young adulthood, but it can occur at any age.

Frequent urination (polyuria); Excessive thirst (polydipsia); Increased hunger (polyphagia); Unexplained weight loss; Fatigue or weakness; Blurred vision; Irritability or mood changes; Fruity-smelling breath (a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis); Slow-healing sores or frequent infections. In children, symptoms can come on suddenly.

Caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Contributing factors: Genetics - certain genes (like HLA types) increase risk; Environmental triggers - viral infections (e.g., enteroviruses); Autoimmune dysfunction - the immune system mistakes healthy beta cells for invaders.

Fasting blood glucose or random glucose test; Hemoglobin A1C (average blood sugar over 2-3 months); C-peptide test (to check insulin production - low in T1DM); Autoantibody tests (to confirm autoimmune cause).

No cure, but with the right treatment, people can live long, healthy lives: Daily insulin therapy (injections or pump); Frequent blood glucose monitoring or continuous glucose monitor (CGM); Carbohydrate counting and balanced diet; Regular exercise; Stress management; Glucagon emergency kits for severe hypoglycemia.

With proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, people with T1DM can live full, active lives. Complications can occur without good blood sugar control, including eye problems (retinopathy), kidney damage, nerve damage, and heart disease. Ongoing support and monitoring help reduce risks.

Affects about 1.6 million people in the U.S. Can occur at any age, but most are diagnosed in children, teens, or young adults. Slightly more common in Caucasians and those with family history.