Sjogren's Syndrome

Sjogren's Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the glands that produce moisture, especially in the eyes and mouth. This leads to dryness, inflammation, and potentially damage to other organs. It can occur on its own (primary Sjogren's) or alongside other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus (secondary Sjogren's).

Moisture-related symptoms: Dry eyes (gritty, burning, or itchy feeling); Dry mouth (difficulty swallowing, speaking, or frequent thirst); Tooth decay and mouth sores; Vaginal dryness (in women); Dry skin. Systemic symptoms: Fatigue; Joint pain or stiffness; Swollen salivary glands (especially below the jaw); Hoarseness or dry cough; Tingling or numbness in hands and feet (neuropathy).

Sjogren's is an autoimmune disease - the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Risk factors and triggers include genetics (family history), hormonal influences (more common in women), environmental triggers (such as viruses), and often co-occurs with other autoimmune conditions.

Blood tests: Anti-SSA/Ro and Anti-SSB/La antibodies, ANA and rheumatoid factor; Schirmer's test - measures tear production; Salivary flow tests; Lip biopsy - to confirm gland inflammation; Imaging - ultrasound or sialography of salivary glands.

No cure, but symptoms can be managed with: Artificial tears and saliva substitutes; Hydroxychloroquine (for systemic inflammation); Pilocarpine or cevimeline - to stimulate saliva production; NSAIDs or DMARDs for joint or organ inflammation; Good oral hygiene and regular dental care; Topical treatments for vaginal or skin dryness.

Most people manage Sjogren's with lifestyle adjustments and medication. Serious complications may include dental decay, eye infections or corneal damage, lung, kidney, or nerve involvement, and increased risk of lymphoma (in 5-10% of cases).

Affects approximately 0.1-4% of the population. Nine out of ten cases occur in women. Most often diagnosed between ages 40 and 60.