Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and over time, permanent joint damage. Unlike wear-and-tear arthritis (like osteoarthritis), RA is caused by inflammation that can also affect other parts of the body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. RA tends to affect smaller joints first (like fingers and toes), and it usually impacts both sides of the body (symmetrically).

Joint pain especially in fingers, wrists, knees, and ankles; Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes; Swollen, warm joints; Fatigue and low-grade fever; Loss of joint function or range of motion; Firm lumps under the skin (called rheumatoid nodules); Weight loss or appetite loss. RA symptoms often come and go - with periods of flares and remission.

RA is an autoimmune condition, meaning the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors play a role: genetics (family history of RA or other autoimmune diseases), hormonal factors (more common in women), smoking (strong risk factor), environmental exposures, and gut microbiome imbalance (emerging research).

Physical exam (checking for joint swelling and tenderness); Blood tests: Rheumatoid factor (RF), Anti-CCP antibodies (highly specific to RA), ESR and CRP (markers of inflammation); X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRIs to detect joint damage. RA can be difficult to diagnose in early stages.

No cure, but treatment focuses on slowing the disease, managing pain, and maintaining joint function: DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs) like methotrexate; Biologic agents (e.g., adalimumab, etanercept); NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) for pain and swelling; Steroids (like prednisone) for quick symptom relief; Physical therapy and joint-friendly exercise; Surgery (in severe cases) to repair or replace joints.

With early diagnosis and proper treatment, many people live active, full lives. Without treatment, RA can cause permanent joint damage, disability, or affect organs. Modern treatments can slow progression and reduce flare frequency.

Affects about 1 in 100 adults. 3 times more common in women. Most often begins between ages 30-60, but can occur at any age. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis exists in children (now called JIA).