Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves). This leads to muscle weakness, numbness, and sometimes paralysis, usually starting in the legs and spreading upward. Most people develop GBS after an infection, such as the flu, a stomach virus, or COVID-19. GBS is considered a medical emergency, but most people recover with proper care.

Tingling or numbness in the feet and hands; Muscle weakness, starting in the legs and moving upward; Difficulty walking or climbing stairs; Loss of reflexes; Difficulty breathing (in severe cases); Facial weakness or difficulty speaking/swallowing; Pain (especially in the back or limbs); Rapid progression - symptoms often worsen over days to weeks.

Believed to occur when the immune system attacks the myelin sheath or nerve axons by mistake - often after a recent illness. Common triggers include infections (Campylobacter jejuni, Influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus, COVID-19), vaccines (rarely), or surgery/trauma.

Neurological exam (to assess muscle strength and reflexes); Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) - elevated protein in cerebrospinal fluid; Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies - show slowed signals; Blood tests to rule out other causes.

No cure, but early treatment can greatly improve outcomes: IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) - blocks the damaging immune response; Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) - filters harmful antibodies from the blood; Pain relievers and supportive care; Physical therapy during recovery; Respiratory support (in severe cases requiring ventilation).

Most people begin to recover within 2-4 weeks after symptoms peak. 80-90% recover fully or with minor weakness. Some may have long-term nerve damage or fatigue. Recovery may take months to years. Relapses are rare but possible.

Affects about 1-2 in 100,000 people per year. Can occur at any age, but more common in adults over 50. Slightly more common in males.